Which metro areas offered tech professionals the highest median pay last year? As you might expect, the nation’s oldest tech hubs tended to yield the biggest paychecks, although a few up-and-coming cities also proved lucrative.

Levels.fyi, which crowdsources compensation data for a wide variety of tech jobs, recently issued its End of Year Pay Report. When you include stock, bonuses, and base salary, San Francisco and the surrounding area (including Silicon Valley) produced the highest median pay, followed by Seattle and New York City:

It’s no surprise that the nation’s largest and most well-established tech hubs would dominate this list; they’re all home to tech giants that pay extraordinarily high salaries to tech professionals, especially those with specialized skills. They’re also significant startup hubs; if you’re lucky, working for a startup can yield huge equity awards that translate into serious cash.

Cities such as Portland and San Diego have also spent years trying to foster their respective tech scenes. In such cases, high median compensation for local tech pros is a possible sign of rising demand for tech talent, hinting that those efforts to grow a tech hub are paying off. For example, San Diego fosters a robust startup scene, and there’s been a significant amount of VC investment over the past few years (which translates into robust hiring and salaries).

Across the country, the tech unemployment rate stood at 1.7 percent in November, notably low by historical standards. According to the CompTIA analysis of data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), jobs associated with A.I. comprised 12 percent of job postings. No matter where you live, knowledge of “hot” and emerging technologies such as A.I. and edge computing can unlock opportunities and allow you to negotiate for notably higher compensation.